Multi-layer sheet for use in electro-optic displays

ABSTRACT

A multi-layer film, useful as a front sub-assembly in electro-optic displays, comprises, in this order: a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer ( 114 ); a light-transmissive first protective layer ( 112 ); a light-transmissive moisture barrier layer ( 108 ); and a light-transmissive second protective layer ( 106 ). This multi-layer film can be used in forming an electro-optic display by the processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,179 or Patent Publication No. 2007/0109219.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of Application Ser. No. 60/886,005,filed Jan. 22, 2007.

This application is related to:

-   -   (a) application Ser. No. 10/249,957, filed May 22, 2003 (now        U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178), which claims benefit of Application        Ser. No. 60/319,300, filed Jun. 10, 2002, and Application Ser.        No. 60/320,186, filed May 12, 2003;    -   (b) copending application Ser. No. 10/907,065, filed Mar. 18,        2005 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,236,292), which is a divisional of the        aforementioned application Ser. No. 10/249,957;    -   (c) copending application Ser. No. 10/605,024, filed Sep. 2,        2003 (Publication No. 2004/0155857);    -   (d) copending application Ser. No. 10/904,063, filed Oct. 21,        2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,164), which is a        continuation-in-part of the aforementioned application Ser. No.        10/605,024.    -   (e) copending application Ser. No. 11/550,114, filed Oct. 17,        2006 (Publication No. 2007/0109219);    -   (f) copending application Ser. No. 11/612,732, filed Dec. 19,        2006 (Publication No. 2007/0152956);    -   (g) copending application Ser. No. 11/682,409, filed Mar. 6,        2007 (Publication No. 2007/0211331);    -   (h) copending application Ser. No. 11/850,831, filed Sep. 6,        2007;    -   (i) copending application Ser. No. 11/951,489, filed Dec. 6,        2007;    -   (j) copending Application Ser. No. 60/946,997, filed Jun. 29,        2007;    -   (k) copending Application Ser. No. 60/947,001, filed Jun. 29,        2007; and    -   (l) copending Application Ser. No. 60/947,039, filed Jun. 29,        2007.

The entire contents of these copending applications, and of all otherU.S. patents and published and copending applications mentioned below,are herein incorporated by reference. For convenience, the foregoingapplications and patents may hereinafter be referred to as the“electro-optic display manufacturing” or “EODM” patents andapplications.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

This invention relates to multi-layer sheets for use in electro-opticdisplays. Such electro-optic displays typically contain an electro-opticmedium which is a solid (such displays may hereinafter for conveniencebe referred to as “solid electro-optic displays”), in the sense that theelectro-optic medium has solid external surfaces, although the mediummay, and often does, have internal liquid- or gas-filled spaces. Thus,the term “solid electro-optic displays” includes encapsulatedelectrophoretic displays, encapsulated liquid crystal displays, andother types of displays discussed below.

The term “electro-optic”, as applied to a material or a display, is usedherein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to amaterial having first and second display states differing in at leastone optical property, the material being changed from its first to itssecond display state by application of an electric field to thematerial. Although the optical property is typically color perceptibleto the human eye, it may be another optical property, such as opticaltransmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displaysintended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change inreflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range.

The terms “bistable” and “bistability” are used herein in theirconventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising displayelements having first and second display states differing in at leastone optical property, and such that after any given element has beendriven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assumeeither its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse hasterminated, that state will persist for at least several times, forexample at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressingpulse required to change the state of the display element. It is shownin U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,670 that some particle-based electrophoreticdisplays capable of gray scale are stable not only in their extremeblack and white states but also in their intermediate gray states, andthe same is true of some other types of electro-optic displays. Thistype of display is properly called “multi-stable” rather than bistable,although for convenience the term “bistable” may be used herein to coverboth bistable and multi-stable displays.

Several types of electro-optic displays are known. One type ofelectro-optic display is a rotating bichromal member type as described,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,808,783; 5,777,782; 5,760,761;6,054,071 6,055,091; 6,097,531; 6,128,124; 6,137,467; and 6,147,791;(although this type of display is often referred to as a “rotatingbichromal ball” display, the term “rotating bichromal member” ispreferred as more accurate since in some of the patents mentioned abovethe rotating members are not spherical). Such a display uses a largenumber of small bodies (typically spherical or cylindrical) which havetwo or more sections with differing optical characteristics, and aninternal dipole. These bodies are suspended within liquid-filledvacuoles within a matrix, the vacuoles being filled with liquid so thatthe bodies are free to rotate. The appearance of the display is changedby applying an electric field thereto, thus rotating the bodies tovarious positions and varying which of the sections of the bodies isseen through a viewing surface. This type of electro-optic medium istypically bistable.

Another type of electro-optic display uses an electrochromic medium, forexample an electrochromic medium in the form of a nanochromic filmcomprising an electrode formed at least in part from a semi-conductingmetal oxide and a plurality of dye molecules capable of reversible colorchange attached to the electrode; see, for example O'Regan, B., et al.,Nature 1991, 353, 737; and Wood, D., Information Display, 18(3), 24(March 2002). See also Bach, U., et al., Adv. Mater., 2002, 14(11), 845.Nanochromic films of this type are also described, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,301,038; 6,870,657; and 6,950,220. This type of medium isalso typically bistable.

Another type of electro-optic display is an electro-wetting displaydeveloped by Philips and described in Hayes, R. A., et al., “Video-SpeedElectronic Paper Based on Electrowetting”, Nature, 425, 383-385 (200).It is shown in copending application Ser. No. 10/711,802, filed Oct. 6,2004 (Publication No. 2005/0151709), that such electro-wetting displayscan be made bistable.

One type of electro-optic display, which has been the subject of intenseresearch and development for a number of years, is the particle-basedelectrophoretic display, in which a plurality of charged particles movethrough a fluid under the influence of an electric field.Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness andcontrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low powerconsumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless,problems with the long-term image quality of these displays haveprevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make upelectrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequateservice-life for these displays.

As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid.In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, butelectrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, forexample, Kitamura, T., et al., “Electrical toner movement for electronicpaper-like display”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCS1-1, and Yamaguchi, Y.,et al., “Toner display using insulative particles chargedtriboelectrically”, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. PatentPublication No. 2005/0001810; European Patent Applications 1,462,847;1,482,354; 1,484,635; 1,500,971; 1,501,194; 1,536,271; 1,542,067;1,577,702; 1,577,703; and 1,598,694; and International Applications WO2004/090626; WO 2004/079442; and WO 2004/001498. Such gas-basedelectrophoretic media appear to be susceptible to the same types ofproblems due to particle settling as liquid-based electrophoretic media,when the media are used in an orientation which permits such settling,for example in a sign where the medium is disposed in a vertical plane.Indeed, particle settling appears to be a more serious problem ingas-based electrophoretic media than in liquid-based ones, since thelower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids as compared with liquidones allows more rapid settling of the electrophoretic particles.

Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and E Ink Corporation haverecently been published describing encapsulated electrophoretic media.Such encapsulated media comprise numerous small capsules, each of whichitself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobileparticles suspended in a liquid suspending medium, and a capsule wallsurrounding the internal phase. Typically, the capsules are themselvesheld within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positionedbetween two electrodes. Encapsulated media of this type are described,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,930,026; 5,961,804; 6,017,584;6,067,185; 6,118,426; 6,120,588; 6,120,839; 6,124,851; 6,130,773;6,130,774; 6,172,798; 6,177,921; 6,232,950; 6,249,271; 6,252,564;6,262,706; 6,262,833; 6,300,932; 6,312,304; 6,312,971; 6,323,989;6,327,072; 6,376,828; 6,377,387; 6,392,785; 6,392,786; 6,413,790;6,422,687; 6,445,374; 6,445,489; 6,459,418; 6,473,072; 6,480,182;6,498,114; 6,504,524; 6,506,438; 6,512,354; 6,515,649; 6,518,949;6,521,489; 6,531,997; 6,535,197; 6,538,801; 6,545,291; 6,580,545;6,639,578; 6,652,075; 6,657,772; 6,664,944; 6,680,725; 6,683,333;6,704,133; 6,710,540; 6,721,083; 6,724,519; 6,727,881; 6,738,050;6,750,473; 6,753,999; 6,816,147; 6,819,471; 6,822,782; 6,825,068;6,825,829; 6,825,970; 6,831,769; 6,839,158; 6,842,167; 6,842,279;6,842,657; 6,864,875; 6,865,010; 6,866,760; 6,870,661; 6,900,851;6,922,276; 6,950,200; 6,958,848; 6,967,640; 6,982,178; 6,987,603;6,995,550; 7,002,728; 7,012,600; 7,012,735; 7,023,420; 7,030,412;7,030,854; 7,034,783; 7,038,655; 7,061,663; 7,071,913; 7,075,502;7,075,703; 7,079,305; 7,106,296; 7,109,968; 7,110,163; 7,110,164;7,116,318; 7,116,466; 7,119,759; 7,119,772; 7,148,128; 7,167,155;7,170,670; 7,173,752; 7,176,880; 7,180,649; 7,190,008; 7,193,625;7,202,847; 7,202,991; 7,206,119; 7,223,672; 7,230,750; 7,230,751;7,236,790; 7,236,792; 7,242,513; 7,247,379; 7,256,766; 7,259,744;7,280,094; 7,304,634; 7,304,787; 7,312,784; 7,312,794; and 7,312,916;and U.S. Patent Applications Publication Nos. 2002/0060321;2002/0090980; 2003/0102858; 2003/0151702; 2003/0222315; 2004/0105036;2004/0112750; 2004/0119681; 2004/0155857; 2004/0180476; 2004/0190114;2004/0196215; 2004/0226820; 2004/0257635; 2004/0263947; 2005/0000813;2005/0007336; 2005/0012980; 2005/0018273; 2005/0024353; 2005/0062714;2005/0067656; 2005/0099672; 2005/0122284; 2005/0122306; 2005/0122563;2005/0134554; 2005/0151709; 2005/0152018; 2005/0156340; 2005/0179642;2005/0190137; 2005/0212747; 2005/0213191; 2005/0253777; 2005/0280626;2006/0007527; 2006/0038772; 2006/0139308; 2006/0139310; 2006/0139311;2006/0176267; 2006/0181492; 2006/0181504; 2006/0194619; 2006/0197737;2006/0197738; 2006/0202949; 2006/0223282; 2006/0232531; 2006/0245038;2006/0262060; 2006/0279527; 2006/0291034; 2007/0035532; 2007/0035808;2007/0052757; 2007/0057908; 2007/0069247; 2007/0085818; 2007/0091417;2007/0091418; 2007/0097489; 2007/0109219; 2007/0128352; 2007/0146310;2007/0152956; 2007/0153361; 2007/0200795; 2007/0200874; 2007/0201124;2007/0207560; 2007/0211002; 2007/0211331; 2007/0223079; 2007/0247697;2007/0285385; and 2007/0286975; and International ApplicationsPublication Nos. WO 00/38000; WO 00/36560; WO 00/67110; and WO 01/07961;and European Patents Nos. 1,099,207 B1; and 1,145,072 B1.

Many of the aforementioned patents and applications recognize that thewalls surrounding the discrete microcapsules in an encapsulatedelectrophoretic medium could be replaced by a continuous phase, thusproducing a so-called polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display, inwhich the electrophoretic medium comprises a plurality of discretedroplets of an electrophoretic fluid and a continuous phase of apolymeric material, and that the discrete droplets of electrophoreticfluid within such a polymer-dispersed electrophoretic display may beregarded as capsules or microcapsules even though no discrete capsulemembrane is associated with each individual droplet; see for example,the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,760. Accordingly, for purposes ofthe present application, such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic mediaare regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media.

A related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called “microcellelectrophoretic display”. In a microcell electrophoretic display, thecharged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated withinmicrocapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavitiesformed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. See, forexample, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449, both assigned to SipixImaging, Inc.

Although electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, inmany electrophoretic media, the particles substantially blocktransmission of visible light through the display) and operate in areflective mode, many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate ina so-called “shutter mode” in which one display state is substantiallyopaque and one is light-transmissive. See, for example, theaforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,130,774 and 6,172,798, and U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,872,552; 6,144,361; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856.Dielectrophoretic displays, which are similar to electrophoreticdisplays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, canoperate in a similar mode; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,418,346. Other types ofelectro-optic displays may also be capable of operating in shutter mode.

An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer fromthe clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoreticdevices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print orcoat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates.(Use of the word “printing” is intended to include all forms of printingand coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatingssuch as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascadecoating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating,forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spraycoating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knifecoating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printingprocesses; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes;electrophoretic deposition (See US Patent Publication No. 2004/0226820);and other similar techniques.) Thus, the resulting display can beflexible. Further, because the display medium can be printed (using avariety of methods), the display itself can be made inexpensively.

Other types of electro-optic media, for example encapsulated liquidcrystal media, may also be used in the present invention.

An electro-optic display normally comprises a layer of electro-opticmaterial and at least two other layers disposed on opposed sides of theelectro-optic material, one of these two layers being an electrodelayer. In most such displays both the layers are electrode layers, andone or both of the electrode layers are patterned to define the pixelsof the display. For example, one electrode layer may be patterned intoelongate row electrodes and the other into elongate column electrodesrunning at right angles to the row electrodes, the pixels being definedby the intersections of the row and column electrodes. Alternatively,and more commonly, one electrode layer has the form of a singlecontinuous electrode and the other electrode layer is patterned into amatrix of pixel electrodes, each of which defines one pixel of thedisplay. In another type of electro-optic display, which is intended foruse with a stylus, print head or similar movable electrode separate fromthe display, only one of the layers adjacent the electro-optic layercomprises an electrode, the layer on the opposed side of theelectro-optic layer typically being a protective layer intended toprevent the movable electrode damaging the electro-optic layer.

The manufacture of a three-layer electro-optic display normally involvesat least one lamination operation. For example, in several of theaforementioned MIT and E Ink patents and applications, there isdescribed a process for manufacturing an encapsulated electrophoreticdisplay in which an encapsulated electrophoretic medium comprisingcapsules in a binder is coated on to a flexible substrate comprisingindium-tin-oxide (ITO) or a similar conductive coating (which acts asone electrode of the final display) on a plastic film, thecapsules/binder coating being dried to form a coherent layer of theelectrophoretic medium firmly adhered to the substrate. Separately, abackplane, containing an array of pixel electrodes and an appropriatearrangement of conductors to connect the pixel electrodes to drivecircuitry, is prepared. To form the final display, the substrate havingthe capsule/binder layer thereon is laminated to the backplane using alamination adhesive. (A very similar process can be used to prepare anelectrophoretic display usable with a stylus or similar movableelectrode by replacing the backplane with a simple protective layer,such as a plastic film, over which the stylus or other movable electrodecan slide.) In one preferred form of such a process, the backplane isitself flexible and is prepared by printing the pixel electrodes andconductors on a plastic film or other flexible substrate. The obviouslamination technique for mass production of displays by this process isroll lamination using a lamination adhesive. Similar manufacturingtechniques can be used with other types of electro-optic displays. Forexample, a microcell electrophoretic medium or a rotating bichromalmember medium may be laminated to a backplane in substantially the samemanner as an encapsulated electrophoretic medium.

As discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178, many of thecomponents used in solid electro-optic displays, and the methods used tomanufacture such displays, are derived from technology used in liquidcrystal displays (LCD's), which are of course also electro-opticdisplays, though using a liquid rather than a solid medium. For example,solid electro-optic displays may make use of an active matrix backplanecomprising an array of transistors or diodes and a corresponding arrayof pixel electrodes, and a “continuous” front electrode (in the sense ofan electrode which extends over multiple pixels and typically the wholedisplay) on a transparent substrate, these components being essentiallythe same as in LCD's. However, the methods used for assembling LCD'scannot be used with solid electro-optic displays. LCD's are normallyassembled by forming the backplane and front electrode on separate glasssubstrates, then adhesively securing these components together leaving asmall aperture between them, placing the resultant assembly undervacuum, and immersing the assembly in a bath of the liquid crystal, sothat the liquid crystal flows through the aperture between the backplaneand the front electrode. Finally, with the liquid crystal in place, theaperture is sealed to provide the final display.

This LCD assembly process cannot readily be transferred to solidelectro-optic displays. Because the electro-optic material is solid, itmust be present between the backplane and the front electrode beforethese two integers are secured to each other. Furthermore, in contrastto a liquid crystal material, which is simply placed between the frontelectrode and the backplane without being attached to either, a solidelectro-optic medium normally needs to be secured to both; in some casesthe solid electro-optic medium is formed on the front electrode, sincethis is generally easier than forming the medium on thecircuitry-containing backplane, and the front electrode/electro-opticmedium combination is then laminated to the backplane, typically bycovering the entire surface of the electro-optic medium with an adhesiveand laminating under heat, pressure and possibly vacuum.

As discussed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,304, themanufacture of solid electro-optic displays also presents problems inthat the optical components (the electro-optic medium) and theelectronic components (in the backplane) have differing performancecriteria. For example, it is desirable for the optical components tooptimize reflectivity, contrast ratio and response time, while it isdesirable for the electronic components to optimize conductivity,voltage-current relationship, and capacitance, or to possess memory,logic, or other higher-order electronic device capabilities. Therefore,a process for manufacturing an optical component may not be ideal formanufacturing an electronic component, and vice versa. For example, aprocess for manufacturing an electronic component can involve processingunder high temperatures. The processing temperature can be in the rangefrom about 300° C. to about 600° C. Subjecting many optical componentsto such high temperatures, however, can be harmful to the opticalcomponents by degrading the electro-optic medium chemically or bycausing mechanical damage.

This U.S. Pat. No. 6,312,304 describes a method of manufacturing anelectro-optic display comprising providing a modulating layer includinga first substrate and an electro-optic material provided adjacent thefirst substrate, the modulating layer being capable of changing a visualstate upon application of an electric field; providing a pixel layercomprising a second substrate, a plurality of pixel electrodes providedon a front surface of the second substrate and a plurality of contactpads provided on a rear surface of the second substrate, each pixelelectrode being connected to a contact pad through a via extendingthrough the second substrate; providing a circuit layer including athird substrate and at least one circuit element; and laminating themodulating layer, the pixel layer, and the circuit layer to form theelectro-optic display.

Electro-optic displays are often costly; for example, the cost of thecolor LCD found in a portable computer is typically a substantialfraction of the entire cost of the computer. As the use of electro-opticdisplays spreads to devices, such as cellular telephones and personaldigital assistants (PDA's), much less costly than portable computers,there is great pressure to reduce the costs of such displays. Theability to form layers of some solid electro-optic media by printingtechniques on flexible substrates, as discussed above, opens up thepossibility of reducing the cost of electro-optic components of displaysby using mass production techniques such as roll-to-roll coating usingcommercial equipment used for the production of coated papers, polymericfilms and similar media. However, such equipment is costly and the areasof electro-optic media presently sold may be insufficient to justifydedicated equipment, so that it may typically be necessary to transportthe coated medium from a commercial coating plant to the plant used forfinal assembly of electro-optic displays without damage to therelatively fragile layer of electro-optic medium.

Also, most prior art methods for final lamination of electrophoreticdisplays are essentially batch methods in which the electro-opticmedium, the lamination adhesive and the backplane are only broughttogether immediately prior to final assembly, and it is desirable toprovide methods better adapted for mass production.

The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 describes a method ofassembling a solid electro-optic display (including an encapsulatedelectrophoretic display) which is well adapted for mass production.Essentially, this patent describes a so-called “front plane laminate”(“FPL”) which comprises, in order, a light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer; a layer of a solid electro-optic mediumin electrical contact with the electrically-conductive layer; anadhesive layer; and a release sheet. Typically, the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer will be carried on a light-transmissivesubstrate, which is preferably flexible, in the sense that the substratecan be manually wrapped around a drum (say) 10 inches (254 mm) indiameter without permanent deformation. The term “light-transmissive” isused in this patent and herein to mean that the layer thus designatedtransmits sufficient light to enable an observer, looking through thatlayer, to observe the change in display states of the electro-opticmedium, which will normally be viewed through theelectrically-conductive layer and adjacent substrate (if present); incases where the electro-optic medium displays a change in reflectivityat non-visible wavelengths, the term “light-transmissive” should ofcourse be interpreted to refer to transmission of the relevantnon-visible wavelengths. The substrate will typically be a polymericfilm, and will normally have a thickness in the range of about 1 toabout 25 mil (25 to 634 μm), preferably about 2 to about 10 mil (51 to254 μm). The electrically-conductive layer is conveniently a thin metalor metal oxide layer of, for example, aluminum or ITO, or may be aconductive polymer. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films coated withaluminum or ITO are available commercially, for example as “aluminizedMylar” (“Mylar” is a Registered Trade Mark) from E.I. du Pont de Nemours& Company, Wilmington Del., and such commercial materials may be usedwith good results in the front plane laminate.

The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 also describes a method fortesting the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate prior toincorporation of the front plane laminate into a display. In thistesting method, the release sheet is provided with an electricallyconductive layer, and a voltage sufficient to change the optical stateof the electro-optic medium is applied between this electricallyconductive layer and the electrically conductive layer on the opposedside of the electro-optic medium. Observation of the electro-opticmedium will then reveal any faults in the medium, thus avoidinglaminating faulty electro-optic medium into a display, with theresultant cost of scrapping the entire display, not merely the faultyfront plane laminate.

The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 also describes a secondmethod for testing the electro-optic medium in a front plane laminate byplacing an electrostatic charge on the release sheet, thus forming animage on the electro-optic medium. This image is then observed in thesame way as before to detect any faults in the electro-optic medium.

The aforementioned 2004/0155857 describes a so-called “double releasefilm” which is essentially a simplified version of the front planelaminate of the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178. One form of thedouble release sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic mediumsandwiched between two adhesive layers, one or both of the adhesivelayers being covered by a release sheet. Another form of the doublerelease sheet comprises a layer of a solid electro-optic mediumsandwiched between two release sheets. Both forms of the double releasefilm are intended for use in a process generally similar to the processfor assembling an electro-optic display from a front plane laminatealready described, but involving two separate laminations; typically, ina first lamination the double release sheet is laminated to a frontelectrode to form a front sub-assembly, and then in a second laminationthe front sub-assembly is laminated to a backplane to form the finaldisplay, although the order of these two laminations could be reversedif desired.

Electro-optic displays manufactured using the aforementioned front planelaminates or double release films normally have a layer of laminationadhesive between the electro-optic layer itself and the backplane, andthe presence of this lamination adhesive layer affects the electro-opticcharacteristics of the displays. In particular, the electricalconductivity of the lamination adhesive layer affects both the lowtemperature performance and the resolution of the display. The lowtemperature performance of the display can (it has been foundempirically) be improved by increasing the conductivity of thelamination adhesive layer, for example by doping the layer withtetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate or other materials as describedin the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,012,735 and 7,173,752. However,increasing the conductivity of the lamination adhesive layer in thismanner tends to increase pixel blooming (a phenomenon whereby the areaof the electro-optic layer which changes optical state in response tochange of voltage at a pixel electrode is larger than the pixelelectrode itself), and this blooming tends to reduce the resolution ofthe display. Hence, this type of display apparently intrinsicallyrequires a compromise between low temperature performance and displayresolution, and in practice it is usually the low temperatureperformance which is sacrificed.

The aforementioned 2007/0109219 describes a so-called “inverted frontplane laminate”, which is a variant of the front plane laminatedescribed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178. This invertedfront plane laminate comprises, in order, at least one of alight-transmissive protective layer and a light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer; an adhesive layer; a layer of a solidelectro-optic medium; and a release sheet. This inverted front planelaminate is used to form an electro-optic display having a layer oflamination adhesive between the electro-optic layer and the frontelectrode or front substrate; a second, typically thin layer of adhesivemay or may not be present between the electro-optic layer and abackplane. Such electro-optic displays can combine good resolution withgood low temperature performance.

Certain emerging markets for electro-optic displays require displayswhich are thin, flexible and rollable, such that the display can berepeatedly moved between a stored position wrapped around a mandrel(which may have a diameter of only a few millimeters) and an operatingposition, in which the display forms a relatively large flat displayscreen. For example, it has been proposed (see the aforementioned2006/0194619) to provide a cellular telephone with a flexible display ofthis type to facilitate the reading of E-mail messages received by thetelephone. To provide the size of screen most useful for this purpose,such a flexible display needs to have a thickness not greater than about0.2 mm.

One major challenge in providing such a thin display is sealing theelectro-optic medium against the environment, including radiation. Asdiscussed in several of the aforementioned E Ink patents andapplications, some electro-optic media are sensitive to oxygen andmoisture, and hence it is necessary that a display using such mediaincorporate barrier layers to prevent diffusion of oxygen and moistureinto (and, in the case of moisture, diffusion out of) the electro-opticmedium. It is also desirable to provide a barrier to preventultra-violet radiation reaching the electro-optic layer. To provide adisplay having a commercially acceptable appearance and resistance tomechanical damage, the viewing surface of the display should, at leastin some cases, have an anti-glare hard coat. Finally, the portion of thedisplay structure between the electro-optic medium and the viewingsurface (hereinafter for convenience referred to as the “frontsub-assembly” of the display) needs to provide anelectrically-conductive layer which forms the front electrode of thedisplay.

Providing all these functions in a front sub-assembly thin enough to beused in a highly flexible display is a matter of considerabledifficulty. While in theory it would be desirable to provide all thenecessary functions in a single, monolithic layer, there appears to beno known material capable of providing all these functions in a singlelayer, and even if such a material could be developed, it would probablybe impracticably expensive for use in highly flexible displays. Hence,it is necessary to use a multi-layer front sub-assembly.

Using such a multi-layer front sub-assembly, however, exacerbatesanother problem in the production of highly flexible displays, namelythe difficulty of performing manufacturing operations, includingcoating, handling, laminating and assembly operations, on very thinsubstrates due to the lack of stiffness of such substrates. Thesedifficulties can be reduced to some extent by using web processingwherever possible, but final assembly of a highly flexible displayrequires lamination of a thin sub-assembly comprising the frontsub-assembly, the electro-optic medium and (typically) a laminationadhesive layer to a thin backplane, and this lamination normally cannotbe performed using web processing.

Another problem in designing highly flexible displays is the phenomenonof “creep”. Often it is desired to store a flexible display in a rolledor wrapped configuration (for example, the display may be stored wrappedaround a cylindrical mandrel or folded around the outside of a cellulartelephone or similar electronic device. When the flexible display is tobe used, it unrolled or unwrapped to a substantially planarconfiguration, then re-rolled or re-wrapped after use. Unless theflexible display is carefully designed, the repeated unrolling orunwrapping of such flexible displays is likely to cause the front andrear substrates normally present to move slightly (creep) relative toone another. Such creep is highly undesirable, since it may result indelamination of various layers of the display from one another, orintroduce differences in electro-optic properties between variousportions of the display. Creep is a particular problem in color displaysusing color filters, since any movement between a color filter disposedadjacent the viewing surface of the display and the pixel electrodespresent near the rear surface of the display destroys the alignmentbetween the color filter elements and the pixel electrodes needed foraccurate color reproduction and thus adversely affects the colorsproduced by the display.

Hitherto, the front electrodes of electro-optic displays have typicallybeen formed from a sputtered metal oxide ceramic, for example indium tinoxide (ITO). Such sputtered ceramic layers are expensive and canconstitute a substantial fraction of the overall cost of the display.Accordingly, it is desirable to replace the sputtered ceramic layer witha continuous or wet coated conducting layer which can reduce cost, butwhich may also reduce the barrier properties of the front sub-assemblysince ITO does itself provide some useful barrier properties. Preferredembodiments of the present invention allow for use of such a continuousor wet coated conducting layer while still maintaining good barrierproperties.

The present invention seeks to provide a multi-layer sheet for use as afront sub-assembly in thin, rollable electro-optic displays, this sheetreducing or eliminating at least some of the aforementioned problems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As already mentioned, the present invention provides a multi-layer sheetfor use as a front sub-assembly in electro-optic displays which are thinand rollable. The present invention also provides a lamination processwhich can be used to form the multi-layer sheet in a manner which allowseach of the individual layers to be optimized to fulfill its functionindependently of the other layers. The layers can also be producedeconomically for their particular functions.

Accordingly, this invention provides a multi-layer film useful as afront sub-assembly in electro-optic displays, the multi-layer filmcomprising, in this order:

-   -   a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer;    -   a light-transmissive first protective layer;    -   a light-transmissive moisture barrier layer; and    -   a light-transmissive second protective layer.

Such a multi-layer film can be made very thin; typically, a multi-layerfilm of the present invention will have a total thickness of not morethan about 100 μm, and desirably not more than about 50 μm; this totalthickness is calculated not including any layer which is removed beforethe film is incorporated into a functioning electro-optic display. Forexample, as described in more detail below, it is often desirable toprovide the film with a removable masking sheet to facilitate handlingof thin sheets involved during production of the multi-layer film, thismasking film typically being removed before the film is incorporatedinto the final electro-optic display, and the thickness of such amasking film is ignored when calculating the total thickness of amulti-layer film of the present invention.

In the present multi-layer film, the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer comprises indium-tin-oxide or a wet coatedconducting layer. Other light-transmissive electrically-conductivelayers can of course be used, for example very thin sputtered layers ofmetals such as aluminum. Since it is often desirable to protect theelectro-optic medium present in the final display from too much exposureto ultra-violet radiation, at least one of the first and secondprotective layers may comprise an ultra-violet absorber. The moisturebarrier layer may comprise an aluminum oxide. The film may comprise ananti-glare hard coat on the opposed side of the second protective layerfrom the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer. Alternativelyor in addition, the film may further comprise a masking film on theopposed side of the second protective layer from the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer, the masking film being removable from thelayer with which it is in contact without substantial damage to saidlayer; obviously, if both the anti-glare hard coat and the masking filmare present, the masking film goes outside the hard coat. The film ofthe present invention may further comprise an adhesive layer disposedbetween the first protective layer and the moisture barrier. In someforms of the multi-layer film, to provide addition moisture barrierprotection, the moisture barrier may comprise first and second moisturebarrier sub-layers separated by a non-barrier intermediate layer. Thisintermediate layer may be an adhesive layer.

This invention also provides a process for assembling an electro-opticdisplay using a multi-layer film of the present invention. Such anassembly process can be conducted in several different ways. Forexample, the multi-layer film can be converted to a front plane laminatein the manner described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,982,178 bycoating an electro-optic layer directly on to the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer of the multi-layer film, separatelycoating an adhesive layer on to a release sheet and then laminating thetwo resultant sub-assemblies together by contacting the adhesive layerwith the electro-optic layer, typically under heat and pressure to formthe front plane laminate. The release sheet can then be peeled from thefront plane laminate and the remaining layers laminated to a backplaneto form the final display.

However, it is generally preferred to convert the multi-layer film to anelectro-optic display using via an inverted front plane laminate asdescribed in the aforementioned 2007/0109219. Accordingly, thisinvention provides a process for assembling an electro-optic displaycomprising:

-   -   providing a multi-layer film which itself comprises, in this        order:        -   a light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer;        -   a light-transmissive first protective layer;        -   a light-transmissive moisture barrier layer; and        -   a light-transmissive second protective layer;    -   providing a double release film comprising a layer of an        electro-optic medium sandwiched between first and second        adhesive layers;    -   providing a backplane comprising at least one pixel electrode,    -   laminating the double release film to the multi-layer film with        the first adhesive layer contacting the electrically-conductive        layer, thus securing the double release film to the multi-layer        film; and    -   laminating the double release film to the backplane with the        second adhesive layer contacting the backplane, thus securing        the double release film to the backplane; in this process, the        two laminations may be done in either order.

In this process of the present invention, the multi-layer film mayfurther comprise a masking film on the opposed side of the secondprotective layer from the light-transmissive electrically-conductivelayer, the masking film being removable from the layer with which it isin contact without substantial damage to this layer, the masking filmbeing removed from this layer after the multi-layer film has beensecured to the double release film. In this process, the multi-layerfilm typically has a total thickness of not more than about 50 μm, notincluding any layer which is removed before the film is incorporatedinto a functioning electro-optic display, and the total thickness of thelaminated multi-layer film, double release film and backplane typicallydoes not exceed about 150 μm.

This invention also provides two processes for forming preferredmulti-layer films of the present invention. The first of these twoprocesses comprises: providing a first polymeric sheet comprising anultra-violet absorber and having a light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer on one surface thereof, providing a secondpolymeric sheet having a moisture barrier on one surface thereof,coating an adhesive layer on to either the moisture barrier coatedsurface of the second polymeric sheet or the surface of the firstpolymeric sheet which does not carry the electrically-conductive layer;and contacting the first and second polymeric sheets together leavingthe electrically-conductive layer exposed and with the adhesive layerand the moisture barrier disposed between the two polymeric sheets. Theprocess may further comprise providing an anti-glare hard coat on thesurface of the second polymeric sheet remote from the moisture barrier.

The second of these two processes comprises: providing first and secondpolymeric sheets each comprising a polymeric layer having a moisturebarrier on one surface thereof, coating an adhesive layer over one ofthe moisture barriers; contacting the first and second polymeric sheetstogether with the adhesive layer and the two moisture barriers disposedbetween the two polymeric layers; introducing an ultraviolet absorberinto one of the polymeric layers; and forming a conductive layer on anexposed surface of one of the polymeric layers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section through a first multi-layer sheet ofthe present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-section through a second multi-layer sheetof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The accompanying drawings are not strictly to scale. In particular, forease of illustration, the thicknesses of the various layers are greatlyexaggerated relative to their lateral dimensions. The present inventionis well adapted for the production of thin, flexible electro-opticdisplays; typically, the multi-layer sheets described below will havethicknesses (measured without the masking film, which is discardedbefore the final display is used) of not more than about 100 μm, andpossibly not more than about 25 μm, and the sheets can be laminated toflexible backplanes of similar thickness. It has been found that thethin, multi-layer sheet of the present invention, when used with thinelectro-optic media and backplanes, is effective in reducing creep.

FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic cross-section througha first multi-layer sheet (generally designated 100) of the presentinvention. The sheet 100 comprises a masking film 102 having a thicknessof approximately 2 mil (51 μm), and an anti-glare hard coat 104 incontact with the masking film 102. The masking film 102, which isremoved before the final display is used, and may be removed before thesheet 100 is laminated to a flexible backplane (not shown) to form thefinal display, serves to protect the hard coat 104 from damage duringproduction of the sheet 100. The masking film 102 also serves toincrease the thickness and stiffness of the sheet 100, therebyfacilitating handling thereof.

The sheet 100 further comprises a 0.5 mil (13 μm) poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) layer 106, which carries, on its surface remotefrom the hard coat 104, an aluminum oxide (AlO_(x)) barrier layer 108.The barrier layer 108 is in contact with a thin (approximately 5μm)cured adhesive layer 110, which secures the barrier layer 108 to asecond 0.5 mil (13 μm) PET layer 112. Unlike the PET layer 106, the PET112 contains an ultra-violet absorber. Finally, the sheet 100 comprisesan ITO layer 114, which acts as a barrier layer and also forms the frontelectrode of the final display. Accordingly, the ITO layer 114 ispresent on one external surface of the sheet 100 so that it can lie asclose as possible to the electro-optic medium. In contrast, thestructure of the sheet 100 places the AlO_(x) layer 108 in the middle ofthe stack of layers, between the two PET layers 106 and 112. Thisplacement of the thin AlO_(x) layer 108 reduces the chance of mechanicaldamage to this barrier layer.

The preferred process for manufacturing the sheet 100 shown in FIG. 1 isas follows. An ultra-violet absorber is incorporated into a PET sheet112 and on to one surface of the resultant UV-absorbing PET layer issputtered an ITO layer 114. Separately, AlO_(x) is sputtered on to asecond PET sheet 106. A curable wet adhesive 110 is coated either on tothe AlO_(x)-coated surface of the second PET sheet 106 or on to thenon-ITO coated surface of the first PET sheet 112, and the two PETsheets are secured together to form a sub-assembly comprising layers106-114 in FIG. 1. Finally, the anti-glare hard coat 104 is coated on tothe exposed surface of the PET layer 106 and the masking film 102 (whichis supplied as a pre-formed film, typically in roll form) is applied tothe exposed surface of the hard coat 104 to increase the handlingthickness of the sheet 100 and to protect the hard coat 104.

The total thickness of the sheet 100 (without the removable masking film102) can be less than 50 μm. As already indicated, the two PET layers106 and 112 are each 0.5 mil thick, so their total thickness is 1 mil or25 μm. The adhesive layer 110 is about 5 μm thick. The anti-glare hardcoat 105 will typically have a thickness of 2 μm or less. The sputteredbarrier layer 108 and ITO layer 114 each have a thickness of the orderof about 1 μm. Accordingly, the total thickness of the sheet 100 will beabout 34 μm. Manipulating sheets of this thickness during conventionalroll-to-roll operations poses considerable difficulties and hence arelatively thick masking sheet 102, typically having a thickness ofabout 50 μm, is desirable to provide a sheet with a thickness whichreduces the difficulties of coating on conventional web processingequipment.

The ability to provide all necessary barrier, ultra-violet protectionand hard coat (mechanical protection and anti-glare) functions in asingle sheet of this thickness enables the production of much thinnerelectro-optic displays than is typically possible in prior art designs,in which the various functions of the sheet 100 are provided by separatelayers. As already noted, the sheet 100 may have a thickness of about 34μm. A typically double release film might comprise a 25 μmelectrophoretic layer sandwiched between a 25 μm adhesive layer (whichis laminated to the sheet 100) and a 6 μm adhesive layer (which islaminated to the backplane), for a total thickness of about 56 μm (notincluding the release films which are of course removed before thedouble release film is incorporated into the final display). By printingorganic semiconductors on a polymeric film, it is possible to producebackplanes having a total thickness, even including any additionalbarrier layers needed, not greater than about 25 μm. An electro-opticdisplay produced from the sheet 100 and such a double release film andbackplane would have a total thickness of about 115 μm, and physicalcharacteristics not very different from commercial 5 mil (127 μm) PETfilm. Such a display could thus readily be wrapped around a mandrel(say) 10 mm in diameter, or wrapped around a cellular telephone orsimilar electronic device of similar thickness.

Numerous variations of the structure shown in FIG. 1 are possible. Themasking film 102 can be omitted if desired. In some applications, it mayalso be possible to omit the hard coat 104, leaving one surface of thePET layer 106 as the viewing surface of the sheet 100. Depending uponthe sensitivity of the particular electro-optic medium used toultra-violet radiation, and possibly the intended use of the display(for example, a rollable display intended for use as a display screen inan indoor lecture theater may not need ultra-violet protection), theultra-violet absorber can be omitted from PET layer 112, or ultra-violetabsorption can be provided in other ways, as described in theaforementioned 2007/0109219. The AlO_(x) barrier layer can be replacedby any sputtered or evaporated metal or ceramic layer or polymer havingsufficient transparency and barrier properties; examples of appropriatematerials may include ITO, aluminum, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, andthe homopolymers sold commercially under the Registered Trade MarksCLARIS, ACLAR and SARAN. Similarly, the ITO layer 114 can be replaced byany sputtered or evaporated metal or ceramic layer or polymer havingsufficient transparency and conductivity; examples of appropriatematerials may include aluminum, a conductive polymer such as PEDOT(poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), and carbon nanotubes.

The combination of the AlO_(x) layer 108 and the ITO layer 114 providesa more effective barrier layer than either layer alone. The barrierproperties of sputtered films are limited by small pinholes inevitablypresent in the sputtered layer. By laminating two sputtered filmstogether, as is done in the manufacture of the sheet 100 as describedabove, a redundant barrier layer is formed in which superposition ofrandomly distributed pinholes in the two barrier layers is highlyunlikely.

The sheet 100 is also mechanically durable. Mechanical stress tends tocause cracks in AlO_(x) and ITO barrier layers, but the presence of theredundant barrier layers and the fact that these barrier layers areapplied to different polymeric (PET) films separated by a thin adhesivelayer tends to decouple the occurrence of cracks in the two barrierlayers from each other. A sheet 100 as shown in FIG. 1 (with or withoutthe masking film 102) has been rolled 10,000 time around a 15 mmdiameter mandrel without showing any decrease in barrier propertiesrelative to the sheet prior to any rolling.

Although the discussion above has been primarily directed to very thinfront sub-assemblies having thicknesses of the order of 25 μm,additional impact protection can be added by increasing the thickness ofthe sub-assembly. This can be effected by increasing the thickness ofone or both of the PET layers, laminating additional layers (for exampleof PET, PEN or polycarbonate), or providing thicker auxiliary layers,such as the adhesive and barrier layers.

It might at first glance appear that an essentially monolithic,non-laminated sheet having properties similar to those of the sheet 100could be produced by sputtering the two barrier layers on the opposedsides of a single polymeric layer, with an ultra-violet absorber beingprovided either within the polymeric layer or as an additional coatingover the non-electrode barrier layer (i.e., the AlO_(x) layer in sheet100), coating the anti-glare hard coat and applying a masking film ifdesired. However, such a process has the serious disadvantage that,since the sputtering and coating steps are carried out sequentially onthe same polymeric layer, the yield loss at the various steps arecompounded, which is likely to render the resulting sheet expensive.Furthermore, defects in the polymeric layer that nucleate locally poorbarrier properties are likely to affect barrier layers on both sides ofthe same polymeric layer, so that the barrier properties may well becompromised. Similarly, cracks due to mechanical stress are likely tooccur at the same location in both barrier layers.

FIG. 2 of the accompanying drawings is a schematic cross-section througha second multi-layer sheet (generally designated 200) of the presentinvention. The sheet 200 comprises a masking film 202 having a thicknessof approximately 2 mil (51 μm), and an anti-glare hard coat 204 incontact with the masking film 202. Both the masking film 202 and thehard coat 204 are identical to the corresponding layers of the sheet 100shown in FIG. 1 and serve the same functions. The sheet 200 furthercomprises a 0.5 mil (13 μm) poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) layer206; however, in sheet 200, it is this layer 206 which carries theultra-violet absorber. The surface of layer 206 remote from the hardcoat 204 carries an AlO_(x) barrier layer 208A, which is secured by athin (approximately 5 μm) cured adhesive layer 210 to a second AlO_(x)barrier layer 208B. Barrier layer 208B is carried on a second 0.5 mil(13 μm) PET layer 212. Finally, the sheet 200 comprises a wet coatedconducting layer 214, which forms the front electrode of the finaldisplay.

The preferred process for manufacturing the sheet 200 shown in FIG. 2 isas follows. The process starts from two sheets of PET which already havean AlO_(x) layer formed thereon; such PET sheets bearing AlO_(x)coatings are readily available commercially, and the two sheets willeventually form the layers 206/208A and 212/208B of the final sheet 200.A curable wet adhesive is coated on to one of the AlO_(x) coatings, andthe two PET/AlO_(x) are brought together and the adhesive cured to formthe layers 206/208A/210/208B/212 of the sheet 200. Ultra-violet absorberis diffused into the PET layer 206, and the conducting layer 214 is wetcoated on to one surface of the second PET sheet 212. Finally, theanti-glare hard coat 204 is coated on to the exposed surface of the PETlayer 206 and the masking film 202 is then applied to the exposedsurface of the hard coat 204.

It will be noted that in sheet 200 both the AlO_(x) barrier layers 208Aand 208B are buried between the two PET layers and are thus wellprotected from mechanical damage.

As with the sheet 100 shown in FIG. 1, numerous variations of the sheet200 shown in FIG. 2 are possible. All the variations mentioned for thesheet 100 can also be effected in the sheet 200. In addition, theultra-violet absorber can be incorporated in either PET layer Themasking film 202 can be omitted if desired. In some applications, it mayalso be possible to omit the hard coat 204, leaving one surface of thePET layer 206 as the viewing surface of the sheet 200. Depending uponthe sensitivity of the particular electro-optic medium used toultra-violet radiation, and possibly the intended use of the display,the ultra-violet absorber can be omitted from PET layer 206, orultra-violet absorption can be provided in other ways, as described inthe aforementioned 2007/0109219. The AlO_(x) barrier layer can bereplaced by any sputtered or evaporated metal or ceramic layer orpolymer having sufficient transparency and barrier properties; examplesof appropriate materials may include ITO, aluminum, silicon oxide,silicon carbide, and the homopolymers sold commercially under theRegistered Trade Marks CLARIS, ACLAR and SARAN. Similarly, theconductive layer 216 can be replaced by any sputtered or evaporatedmetal or ceramic layer or polymer having sufficient transparency andconductivity; examples of appropriate materials may include aluminum, aconductive polymer such as PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), andcarbon nanotubes. In the sheet 200, the order of assembly is importantto reduce yield loss.

As noted above, in the sheet 100 shown in FIG. 1 the ITO layer 114serves both conductive and barrier functions. In contrast, wet processedconductive layers such as the layer 216 in sheet 200 typically have poorbarrier properties. Accordingly, in order to preserve excellent barrierproperties, the sheet 200 is provided with two AlO_(x) layers 208A and208B (in contrast to the single AlO_(x) layer 108 in sheet 100) toprovide barrier properties similar to those provided by the combinationof the AlO_(x) layer 108 and the ITO layer 114 in sheet 100. Providingtwo AlO_(x) layers 208A and 208B in sheet 200 is economically feasiblesince an AlO_(x) coated polymer film is relatively inexpensive, whereasITO is expensive. The mechanical properties of sheet 200 are verysimilar to those of film 100.

From the foregoing, it will be seen that the present invention canprovide a mechanically robust front sub-assembly with excellent barrierproperties for use in an electro-optic display. Features such as ananti-glare hard coat, ultra-violet absorber, thickness and type ofmasking film employed (if any) can readily be varied to suit individualcustomer requirements.

It will be apparent from the preceding discussion that the films of thepresent invention can be used with any electro-optic layer which has asolid external surface to which the film can adhere. Accordingly, thepresent methods can be carried out using any of the types ofelectro-optic media described above. For example, the present methodscan make use of rotating bichromal member, electrochromic orelectrophoretic media, and in the last case the electrophoretic mediamay be of the encapsulated, polymer-dispersed or microcell types.Displays produced using the films of the present invention may be usedin any application in which prior art solid electro-optic displays havebeen used. Thus, for example, the present displays may be used inelectronic book readers, portable computers, tablet computers, cellulartelephones, smart cards, signs, watches, shelf labels and flash drives.

Numerous changes and modifications can be made in the preferredembodiments of the present invention already described without departingfrom the scope of the invention. For example, the present invention maybe useful with non-electrophoretic electro-optic media which exhibitbehavior similar to electrophoretic media. Accordingly, the foregoingdescription is to be construed in an illustrative and not in alimitative sense.

1. A multi-layer film useful as a front sub-assembly in electro-opticdisplays, the multi-layer film comprising, in this order: alight-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; a light-transmissivefirst protective layer; a light-transmissive moisture barrier layer; anda light-transmissive second protective layer.
 2. A film according toclaim 1 having a total thickness of not more than about 100 μm, notincluding any layer which is removed before the film is incorporatedinto a functioning electro-optic display.
 3. A film according to claim 2having a total thickness of not more than about 150 μm, not includingany layer which is removed before the film is incorporated into afunctioning electro-optic display.
 4. A film according to claim 1wherein the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer comprisesindium-tin-oxide.
 5. A film according to claim 1 wherein thelight-transmissive electrically-conductive layer comprises a wet coatedconducting layer.
 6. A film according to claim 1 wherein at least one ofthe first and second protective layers comprises an ultra-violetabsorber.
 7. A film according to claim 1 wherein the moisture barrierlayer comprises an aluminum oxide.
 8. A film according to claim 1further comprising an anti-glare hard coat on the opposed side of thesecond protective layer from the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer.
 9. A film according to claim 1 furthercomprising a masking film on the opposed side of the second protectivelayer from the light-transmissive electrically-conductive layer, themasking film being removable from the layer with which it is in contactwithout substantial damage to said layer.
 10. A film according to claim1 further comprising an adhesive layer disposed between the firstprotective layer and the moisture barrier.
 11. A film according to claim1 wherein the moisture barrier comprises first and second moisturebarrier sub-layers separated by a non-barrier intermediate layer.
 12. Afilm according to claim 11 wherein the intermediate layer is an adhesivelayer.
 13. A process for assembling an electro-optic display comprising:providing a multi-layer film which itself comprises, in this order: alight-transmissive electrically-conductive layer; a light-transmissivefirst protective layer; a light-transmissive moisture barrier layer; anda light-transmissive second protective layer; providing a double releasefilm comprising a layer of an electro-optic medium sandwiched betweenfirst and second adhesive layers; providing a backplane comprising atleast one pixel electrode, laminating the double release film to themulti-layer film with the first adhesive layer contacting theelectrically-conductive layer, thus securing the double release film tothe multi-layer film; and laminating the double release film to thebackplane with the second adhesive layer contacting the backplane, thussecuring the double release film to the backplane, the two laminationsbeing done in either order.
 14. A process according to claim 13 whereinthe multi-layer film further comprises a masking film on the opposedside of the second protective layer from the light-transmissiveelectrically-conductive layer, the masking film being removable from thelayer with which it is in contact without substantial damage to saidlayer, and wherein the masking film is removed from said layer after themulti-layer film has been secured to the double release film.
 15. Aprocess according to claim 13 wherein the multi-layer film has a totalthickness of not more than about 50 μm, not including any layer which isremoved before the film is incorporated into a functioning electro-opticdisplay, and the total thickness of the laminated multi-layer film,double release film and backplane does not exceed about 150 μm.
 16. Aprocess for preparing a multi-layer film useful as a front sub-assemblyin electro-optic displays, the process comprising: providing a firstpolymeric sheet comprising an ultra-violet absorber and having alight-transmissive electrically-conductive layer on one surface thereof,providing a second polymeric sheet having a moisture barrier on onesurface thereof, coating an adhesive layer on to either the moisturebarrier coated surface of the second polymeric sheet or the surface ofthe first polymeric sheet which does not carry theelectrically-conductive layer; and contacting the first and secondpolymeric sheets together leaving the electrically-conductive layerexposed and with the adhesive layer and the moisture barrier disposedbetween the two polymeric sheets.
 17. A process according to claim 16further comprising providing an anti-glare hard coat on the surface ofthe second polymeric sheet remote from the moisture barrier.
 18. Aprocess for preparing a multi-layer film useful as a front sub-assemblyin electro-optic displays, the process comprising: providing first andsecond polymeric sheets each comprising a polymeric layer having amoisture barrier on one surface thereof, coating an adhesive layer overone of the moisture barriers; contacting the first and second polymericsheets together with the adhesive layer and the two moisture barriersdisposed between the two polymeric layers; introducing an ultravioletabsorber into one of the polymeric layers; and forming a conductivelayer on an exposed surface of one of the polymeric layers.
 19. Aprocess according to claim 18 further comprising providing an anti-glarehard coat on the surface of the first polymeric sheet remote from themoisture barrier.